Should we prohibit the development of the cyber command

Should we prohibit the development of the cyber command? BY kus09453 Cyber warfare Cyber warfare has been defined as any hostile measures against an enemy designed† to discover, alter, destory, disrupt or transfer data stored in a computer, manipulated by a computer or transmitted through a computer. † Examples of hostile use include computer attacks on air traffic control systems, on oil pipeline flow systems and nuclear plants. Cyber Weapon Cyber weapons includes computer viruses and software that can be used to penetrate enemy networks.Defining these tools as weapons, as opposed to systems or processes, allows the military to apply the same authorisation controls as they apply to conventional weapons such as guns and tanks. Cyber command Cyber command has been defined as a command for network which subordinate to the state. They have three tasks, attack, defence and development. Lets use the first establishment of cyber command, the US Cyber Command, to be an example t o explain. US Cyber Command centralizes command of cyberspace operation and organizes existing cyber resources, these can help for the network developmant.In the defence side, US Cyber Command synchronizes defense of US military and the US government services networks, to comfirm that US will be safe under any situations. In the attack side, it also include that the background why Cyber Command had aroused the international concern. In 2010, It has waged cyberwar. US Cyber Command postponed the development of nuclear weapon of Iran. It involves hacking and attack. This aggressive action had aroused international concern. Why We chose this topic because of Edward Joseph Snowden. He was an NSA system administrator.He was wanted by USA because he published th of the U. S. classified intelligence to public. He came to Hong Kong to publish these secret file. This action had aroused international concern, including us. He had published the PRISM project which U. S. is preparing to do. U. S. can through PRISM to get all the data about us, like e-mail, file, video, login information. Also, he said that U. S. has developed over 2000 cyber weapon to destroy computer system. We are interested in this because we think our privacy are not save and our national security is threatened .This resentation will focus on whether we should prohibit the development of Cyber Command as a part of Cyberwarfare. Later on, Jacky will discuss about cyber command in different perspective. Conclusion We disagree with prohibiting the development of Cyber Command but should be focus on the defensive purpose and the technology development. Since the offensive provocation could lead to real war, the offensive development should be prohibited. We think that enhancing the national cyber technology is very important. Cyber weapon meets an objective which would require spy or the use of force.Such actions include theft of data and destroy of data. Theft of data or intellectual property, such as pr oprietary information of a business, classified information of a government or military. Destruction of data or programs on the system, less frequently, damage to the computer hardware, in the most extreme case, damage to an electromechanical or process control system such that a serious industrial accident results in loss of life or major economic damages. To protect the citizens' right and their life, to prevent the terrorist attack national computer systems, the development of Cyber Command s necessary.Predicted Future In the future, we predict that first, every countries will develop cyber command overtly or covertly, because we are in cyber era, it is necessary to have a cyber command to deal with the network security problem. second, cyberwar may lead to real war as Ken mentioned. third, National security agencies and law enforcement agencies will promote cooperation, because they need to deal with the privacy problem. In the following time, I am going to analysis the problem in social interest perspective and national security perspective.But before that, I will talk about the development of cyber command first. In the past, Cyber Command in different countries were mainly focus on the defensive purpose. They Just want to improve the firewall, to improve their network security and thus to thwart cyber attack. But in recent years, they have been starting to change the focus to offensive purpose. They are actively to develop different cyber weapons and hacking others computer system to collect information. The U. S. Cyber Command has a monitoring program to collect data and to know someone's whereabouts.Their targets are not only the important member of other countries, but also the citizens. The media in U. S. disclosed that they has been monitoring 9 Internet service providers user database, which including G-mail in google, yahoo email, skype, facebook etc. What you have done in the computer is possible to be monitored. Our personal privacy is infringe d and it is the right of everyone. Therefore , in the social interest perspective, the development of Cyber Command should be stop. But, in the National security perspective, the US government explained that the onitoring program is used for against Terrorism.They hack in some database system and get the information about the terrorists in order to track them and thus to avoid terrorist attack. Besides that, developing Cyber Command can improve the protection of the national computer system. One ot the task ot the Cyber Command is to protect the whole country's network by filtering some harmful website, e-mails. In other words, they protect the citizen computers from attacking by others. The citizen will be more save to do online shopping or something else. And also prevent the leak of national secret ocuments.As US government reported that they had been received several times of attack by China, some of the secret documents may be copied, which threaten the national security of US. An air force general asked why we should wait for the attack from others and take response to it? He then suggested an idea, â€Å"Offense is the best defense† and there is a term of this defense, we called active cyber defense. They has developed many cyber weapons and has been actively hacking other countries computer systems with the â€Å"Defensive purpose†. It is undoubtedly that it is effective for national security.The development of Cyber Command also help to enhance the technology level. The better hacking skills, stronger firewall is for better protection to the nation. But it is not Just benefit to the security aspect. The task of development of Cyber Command not Just the attack skill and cyber weapon, but also the improvement of both the speed, the memory size of computer, and the transmission speed of internet. It is benefit to the evolution of human technology level. I have mentioned many advantages if developing the Cyber Command, but there are some pos sible disadvantages to national security.First, the Cyber Command may threaten to the national security itself. Since whole national computer system is controlled by them, they can hack in the military system and then dominate the whole country. Second, we cannot completely control the action of hackers in the Cyber Command. If they attack the banking system so as to obtain benefit, we may not know who did it as they have the best hacking skills. Also, they may sell the secret national documents to other countries implicitly to obtain benefit. Then, Ken will discuss the problem in another perspectives. In political perspective, it is concerned the relations between countries.Firstly, prohibit the development of Cyber Command can maintain world peace. If we do not prohibit this development, it will destroy partnership between countries. Cyber weapons mean monitoring computer system, stealing private information or destroying program system. When a government uses cyber weapons, it th reatens other countries because they doubt their secret national documents have been divulged and blame the country which using cyber weapons. Also, hacking is a serious problem and may damage international relation. Due to hacking, the country which its system was hacked must stop the cooperation with the hacking country.If countries use cyber weapons more frequently, their distrust between countries must be increased. This provocation is possible to wage real war, the world peace is destroyed. However, the development of Cyber Command will be of benefit to a country. If a country can hold a strong cyber-military, it can strengthen international status. Besides, a country develops Cyber Command to steal other national secret information, they can clearly know other countries' situations then it can enhance ore influence on the determinations in international affairs.Developing Cyber Command also protect interests and dignity of nation. When a country can prevent cyber-attack from o ther countries, they protect their interests and dignity. The next is economic perspective. In this point of view, developing Cyber Command need to increase government expenditure because they must use super computer in Cyber Command. Oppositely, it can increase employment rate in I. T. industry because it need a lot of experts in computer to wage cyber-attack or defend hacking. Also, it can protect financial service.Many financial activities like stock market are controlled by computer system, if there is cyber-attack to these financial activities, it will make a huge economic loss. Therefore, we need to develop Cyber Command for defending cyber-attack, it can avoid economic loss. Four perspectives on development of cyber command have been discussed. Now, I will talk the complexity on this topic. We find two dilemmas in developing Cyber Command, world peace versus national benefit and privacy versus security. I talk about world peace versus national benefit first.If we hope for wor ld peace, we should not wage any types of war including cyber war. Even though cyber warfare will not make actual harm such as casualties, it will cause bad relation between different countries. Consequently, the real war occurs because relations between countries have been destroyed. But countries can get benefits in cyber war. On the other hand, some governments think monitoring is a good way to maintain national security. However, citizens do not agree that they are monitored by the government because they do not want to lose their freedoms and privacies.

How unemployment is individual and social problem Essay

In this essay I will discuss how unemployment is an individual and a social problem and how Max Weber distinguished power, authority and coercion and how the functionalist, conflict theorist and symbolic interaction theory view the economy and by the mid century how they have evolved and the role of these theories to explain social and economic phenomenon. How unemployment is individual and social problem Unemployment is caused by many factors in a modern market economy. It can be caused by rapid technological change, business cycle or recessions, seasonal factors in some industries particularly such as changes in tastes and climatic conditions which affects demand for certain products and services, individual perceptions and willingness to work and search for jobs, their values and attitudes towards some jobs and about employers, accessibility for retraining and acquisition of work skills, willingness and perception of unemployed of the benefits of training and the possibility for them to get a job after the training even though they have a chance to get a job, discrimination in the workplace based on race, color. religion, ethnicity, age and class. It can be seen from the above causes unemployment in a particular period can be a combination of caused by social factors and how the economy as a whole works and also due to the subjective individual factors. In a sociological point of view according to functionalist and conflict theorists the unemployment is caused primarily by the social factors than by the individual factors. However according to Max Weber and symbolic interaction theories individuals construct their own social constructs and perception and they can be subjective in their behavior and there fore can become unemployed even though the actual condition they can get a job in the job market. In summary applying the sociological and the primary causes of unemployment unemployment is individual as well as a social problem in a market economy. As discussed above it is caused by the society as well as by individuals. Even the economy or societal factors are not present unemployment can be caused by individual perception and their own subjective behavior. . Max Weber’s distinction among power, authority and coercion Power can be defined as one person’s ability to influence others does what ever they want even though they don’t like to do what is demanded and they resist doing what is demanded. For example a professor can influence the students to assign work and demand them to do to satisfy some criteria. As well a dictator like Hitler can control all aspects of life because of this ability to impose his will on majority of people. In other words a person or group on other person or other groups can use power legitimately or illegitimately. That is power need not come from proper authority or legitimate authority. That is power and authority can be different in this respect. According to Max Weber authority can arise from tradition, charisma of certain powerful people or from legal-rational. That is authority need not come from any logical reason but likely to come from respect for the past. For example a monarchy in Western Europe can get authority because they ruled the populace over a long period of time. Even the traditional authority can exist in modern democracies because the people respect the monarchy or authority of monarchy at least in a limited symbolic head of states in Western Europe. Authority also can arise from charisma of some powerful people. They have authority because of their charisma. This arises because they have the ability to lead a vast number of people for a particular cause using their powerful charm and influence over ordinary people. For example Martin Luther King, Gandhi. Nelson Mandela is the modern examples of charismatic authority they had because of their ability to charm and influence a vast majority of people for a particular cause. Authority also can arise from legal-rational. That is in society authority is given to individuals and organization based on rationally enacted laws and regulations. This authority is impersonal and differs from charismatic authority because the legal-rational authority is impersonal and the charismatic authority is personal and admired by the people who accept that authority. In modern societies the authority is derived from the legal-rational compared to charismatic and traditional in varying degrees in industrialized societies in particular. Coercion is the extreme manifestation of power in a way threatens the person to complete obedience because it threatens the person coerced physically, financially and socially. This results in persons following the authority of another because of fear rather than will. Coercion is mostly linked with abuse and conflict. Coercion exists in many dictatorships in the past as well as in the present world in many parts of the world where citizens are forced to follow the regime of dictatorship. The view of the economy in the perspectives of functionalist, conflict theorists and symbolic interaction theory Functionalist perspective of the economy In the perspective of functionalist sociological theorist social systems including economy works like a biological organism where every part of the system work in a united manner so that smooth functioning is maintained and so that society builds consensus between different parts of the system.. In this change is evolutionary and the changes take place to minimize dysfunction and to enhance the stability and its survival in the future. In this respect Capitalism will not collapse and will endure in the future as the functions of the system will adjust and evolve so that it maintains the social order and stability without any radical overhaul of the economic system. In addition the social, legal, political, religious systems will not be in conflict with the economic system and work in unison with the economic system so the whole social organism survive and social order is maintained and their functions and their purpose even though different work as a unified system. As discussed above this is the functionalist view of the economy. Conflict theorist view of the economy In contrast conflict theorist believe society do not work as a unified system. Conflict and struggle take place as different groups work to maximize their benefit in the same time other groups loose. Functionalist view conflict in a negative manner. However the conflict theorist see the conflict to some extent is beneficial as it forces the parties to come to a common ground and make the economic system or the social system to change for the better and minimize the losers and maximizing the benefits for a greater number of groups as well make the power system in check so that abuse of power is minimized. In this context the economic system and social order changes continually and changes take place and shaped by different interest groups in varying degrees in a market economy. However Marxism as a conflict theory predicts radical change to the economic system to move towards a socialist system it has not eventuated. However Max Weber as a conflict theory predicts the viability of the market economy with some reform to minimize the negative aspects of capitalism like alienation and the negative impact of bureaucracy in capitalist economies and more democracy in society and continuous reform of the economic system to make it work efficiently but also effectively by legal, social and political reform appropriate to a countries historical, cultural, political and social context.

The Hayward Fault of California

Social Influences on Behavior - 1114 Words

Social Influences on Behavior There are many social influences which have an effect or lasting effect on the behavior of an individual. Within many group scenarios, conformity and obedience play a large role in how people tend to think and behave, especially if they get carried away. Obedience refers to compliance to an authority figure or with others in a group. On the other hand, conformity refers to an individual changing their thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors to accommodate with the standards of a group or their peers. Both of which are pure examples of how human behavior changes based on certain social situations. Obedience and conformity both occur during situations of social facilitation, social loafing, and groupthink. Influence†¦show more content†¦Social facilitation may also occur in acts of conformity when an individual changes their thoughts or behaviors because they feel pressure from the group to do so. A consequence of this involves the individual performance to be hindered. As people compete with others, they will often try harder, but the quality of their work will frequently suffer. â€Å"Many psychological theories propose that people are motivated by their expectations about what they can do as well as by their expectations about the likely consequences of their actions.† (Sanna, 1992). In situations of social loafing, the occurrence of conformity happens when individuals display less effort because they are working in a group. They may see others putting in less effort, so they tend to do the same. However, in groupthink situations there is often an occurrence of both obedience and conformity. As individuals work in a group scenario, they will choose not to express their concerns for the direction of the group, along with the dynamics and decisions of others. They may feel as though they are being disobedient by speaking up against others, or that they need to conform to the ideas of others. A major consequence of both obedience and conformity occur in the development of co-dependence problems within an individual. They feel as though they need to rely on others to determine howShow MoreRelatedThe Influence Of Social Influence On Behavior854 Words   |  4 PagesThe study of social influence has been an essential topic of study for researchers and social psychologists. Social influence pertains to the different ways people influence the feelings, behaviors and beliefs of others through interpersonal relationship (Fiske, 2008). Also, some key concepts in the analysis of social influence include conformity, compliance, and obedience. Compliance refers to a change in behavior in response to an overt or obscure request made by another individual. 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Financial Crisis And Its Effects On Economy - 1413 Words

In 1997, Asia financial crisis broke out. It brought a huge and negative influence on economy of Asia, even the world economy. Financial crisis which is the value of financial assets decline, lots of financial institution out of business or stock market crash. Currency plays an important role in the market. It is a base that keep economic stability in the country. When currency change significantly, the country’s economy in turmoil. The financial crisis started from Thailand, and then Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries, domestic currency depreciate and stock market downfall. Neal Maroney wrote that â€Å"six Asian countries (Indonesia, South Korean, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand) from October†¦show more content†¦Those capital directly or indirectly affect the stock and estate market that result in house price and stock rose sharply. Then bubble economy is formed. At the same time, the production cost increased and m ake investment environment got worse. Thai Baht was depreciated greatly, the unemployment rate increased and then economic recession. On November 1997, South Korean also get the influence on their exchange currency. Moreover, lots of banks and security companies went bankrupt in Japan. At this point, Asian financial crisis started. At the second stage, in Indonesia, financial crisis broke out again in 1998. They faced the most serious economic recession in their history. The International Monetary Funds had made a strategy to deal with it to help Indonesia, but failed to achieve the desired results. Indonesia government have to implemented a new monetary policy, yet International Monetary Funds and America against it. Indonesia have a big trouble on Political and economy: sharply fall in exchange rate, interest rate volatile, inflation increase rapidly and government deficit increase and so on. After the crisis spread to Japan, Japanese yen also depreciated. And the problem of finan cial became more serious. Many large industries were forced shut down. At the last stage of crisis, a increasing number of countries got the economic problem. International speculator George Soros is a currency speculator and stock

Article Review of Architecture and Quality in Data

Question: Describe about the Facts for Article Review of Architecture and Quality in Data? Answer: Article Summary: Architecture and Quality in Data Warehouses The Data Warehousing reflects the process of providing widely applicable and the combination of data in a view that is present in various dimensions. The Data Warehousing includes the Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) utensils. OLAP assists in analyzing the multidimensional data in an effortful and interactive way. Because of transactions, previous data of an organization gets updated. In a situation where an executive, tries to access the historical data, actually asks for the historical information stored in the warehouse (Deb, Hose Pedersen, 2015). This feature of data warehouse indicates the non-volatile nature. In addition, other features of a data warehouse are subject orientation, integration from heterogeneous source and storing data in respect of time. The Data Mining is fundamentally related to discovering the connections between the internal and external factors. It makes the organizations able to determine the data related to transactions by providing a view of drillin g down' into summarized information. Architecture of a Data Warehouse: Databases, data shifting agents and respiratory are the primary three physical aspects of the data warehouse. The primary perspective of the article is to interpret Metadatabase schema. This schema collects and links all the applicable parts of the database architecture and quality. Figure 1: Typical Architecture of Data Warehouse (Source: Jarke et al. 2013, pp 164) In figure 1, the architecture of warehouse does not support crucial quality problems and management approaches. For this reason, the article proposed conceptual, logical and physical perspective separately in figure 2 (Jarke et al. 2013). Figure 2: Meta Data Framework (Source: Jarke et al. 2013, pp 165) The article argues over having a conceptual enterprise. The traditional data warehouse includes some weaknesses like the issue of wrong aggregation, lack of compatibility of the operational department with enterprise views. To eliminate the effect the DW may need to setup new sources or sources of OTLP in the organization perspective (Kmpgen, ORiain Harth, 2012). By defining various models on the company showed in figure 2 as views, the wrapping and aggregation processes will be capable of providing interpretability, stability or completeness as per enterprise model. The third approach of the article is the implementation of safe and efficient logical transformation (Deb, Hose Pedersen, 2015). The article included the process of collecting architectural framework of a persistent object data model in a comprehensive but comparatively transparent way. Figure 3: Architecture Notation (Source: Jarke et al. 2013, pp 166) Figure 3 assist in understanding the modules each perspective offers. In addition, it also provides the information of the individual module. The conceptual outlook explains the enterprise models included in the information systems of an organization. Data model of logical schema or the actual data models assist in formulating logical perspective of the data warehouse. According to the article agents and data, stores are the essential physical components of DW (Deb, Hose Pedersen, 2015).. ETL Process: ETL refers to the activity of transporting data from source system to the data warehouse. Extract means collecting data from ERP, SAP, etc. systems and converting them into warehouse compatible format. Applying, cleaning, filtering, etc. are the part of transforming. Loading refers to the process of storing the data into respiratory or DW perspective (Kmpgen, ORiain Harth, 2012). Operations of OLAP: Slice and dice apply to navigating pages interactively using the various aspects of the slice. ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP and Specialized SQL Servers are different types of OLAP servers. A subset of the multi-dimensional array that is related to single value reflects slice. More than two dimensions of data cube or consecutive slices refer to dice (Deb, Hose Pedersen, 2015).. Drill up and down defines viewing various levels of most summarized and most detailed data respectively. Roll-up is for the computation of all the data relationship. Pivot changes the inclination of a report. Students View: The architecture in figure 1 is only capable of doing the jobs in data warehousing. On the other hand, it is very crucial for a data warehouse to support various quality problems and management policies. Figure 2 covers these parts for a data warehouse. Online transaction processing (OTLP) reflects the process of making transaction oriented applications more smooth and manageable. The hosting of data warehouse often makes nonsense for an organization. The process can increase the cost of the organization as it requires new employees. It is imperative to evaluate the capability in respect to the storage available and increase in workload that can affect overall performance. OLAP is significantly dependent on IT professionals. The traditional architecture includes traditional OLAP tools that are not able to serve proper and required computational services. References: Deb Nath, R. P., Hose, K., Pedersen, T. B. (2015). Towards a Programmable Semantic Extract-Transform-Load Framework for Semantic Data Warehouses. InProceedings of the ACM Eighteenth International Workshop on Data Warehousing and OLAP(pp. 15-24). ACM. Han, J., Kamber, M., Pei, J. (2011).Data mining: concepts and techniques. Elsevier. Jarke, M., Jeusfeld, M. A., Quix, C., Vassiliadis, P. (2013). Architecture and Quality in Data Warehouses. InSeminal Contributions to Information Systems Engineering(pp. 161-181). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Kampgen, B., ORiain, S., Harth, A. (2012). Interacting with statistical linked data via OLAP operations. InThe Semantic Web: ESWC 2012 Satellite Events(pp. 87-101). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Loss of the Loved Ones. Counselors Approaches

One of the main challenges, faced by counselors, is finding an appropriate approach to helping people, affected by the loss of their loved ones, to cope with the sensation of an overwhelming grief.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Loss of the Loved Ones. Counselors Approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, there is nothing surprising about that fact that, as time goes on, we witness the emergence of more and more qualitatively new bereavement-therapies. One of these therapies is based upon the idea that, contrary to the classical conventions of a psychotherapeutic counseling, counselors that deal with grief-stricken patients, should encourage the latter to maintain emotional links with their deceased relatives/friends – whatever illogical it may sound. Hence, the conceptual premise of the so-called ‘saying hello’ approaches to bereavement-counseling, â€Å"I believe that the (prop er) process of grief is a ‘saying goodbye and then saying hullo’ phenomenon† (White, 1988, p. 11). That is, in order for grieving individuals to be able to accept the loss, they should be prompted (by counselors) to refer to their deceased relatives/friends, as such that remain alive and well in the memories of the affected individuals. The earlier mentioned assumption justifies the deployment of the following counseling techniques, in this respect: encouraging patients to write letters to the diseased person; encouraging patients to write letters back to themselves, on behalf of the deceased person; convincing patients to construct shrines to the deceased person, while attending his or her grave on a regular basis (to ‘say hello’), etc. As Walter noted, â€Å"The purpose of grief is not to move on without those who have died, but to find a secure place for them. For this place to be secure, the image of the dead normally has to be reasonably accurat e, shared by others and tested out against them† (1996, p. 20).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ‘saying hello’ therapeutic paradigm derives out of the theory of social constructivism, according to which, the emanations of the surrounding reality are essentially ‘constructed’ in people’s minds, rather than being objectively perceived, as to what they really are (Benokraitis, 1996; Blaik-Hourani, 2011). In its turn, this implies that there is no reason to believe that patients must learn to accept the reality of their loved one’s death, as the main precondition for their eventual recovery from grief. After all, according to the advocates of social constructivism, the notions of ‘life’ and ‘death’ are highly subjective, which is why the counselors’ tendency to accentuate the objectivity of death, whi le addressing the anxieties of their death-stricken patients, cannot have any positive effect on these patients’ psychological well-being. Nevertheless, I personally do not subscribe to the conventions of the ‘saying hello’ approach to bereavement-counseling. This is because this approach is innately inconsistent with the very theoretical premise, out of which it derives. For example, as it was pointed out earlier, the proponents on this approach suggest that since there is no de facto objective reality (according to them, the reality is being constructed in people’s minds); it is specifically the currently predominant socio-cultural discourse, which defines the extent of the bereavement-therapy’s appropriateness/inappropriateness. This is supposed to justify the deployment of the ‘saying hello’ therapy – after all, as time goes on, more and more people grow increasingly aware of the relativistic subtleties of the surrounding rea lity’s emanations, which in turn prevents us from referring to the notions of ‘life’ and ‘death’, as being discursively objective. Yet, the same discourse of relativity, results in exposing the sheer fallaciousness of metaphysical (spiritually intense) perceptional modes – hence, the growing popularity of atheism in the West (Tschannen, 1991).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Loss of the Loved Ones. Counselors Approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of that, the suggestion that grown up individuals, affected by the death of their loved ones, would benefit from being encouraged to ‘stay in touch’ with their deceased relatives/friends, is likely to be thought of as being intellectually insulting by the very same people, to which the ‘saying hello’ therapy is supposed to apply. After all, intellectually advanced individuals, are perfectly aware of the fact that there is no ‘afterlife’. Therefore, encouraging them to toy with the idea is emotionally damaging. There is another aspect to it – contrary to what the proponents of the ‘saying hello therapy’ suggest, people’s sense of bereavement-related grief does not quite reflect their emotional uncomfortableness with having to deal with the absence of their loved ones per se. Rather, it reflects these people’s own fears of death (Razinsky, 2010). What it means is that, by encouraging grief-stricken individuals to ‘stay in touch’ with the dead, counselors contribute to the acuteness of their patients’ death-anxieties, which can hardly have any therapeutic effect on the latter, whatsoever. In light of what has been said earlier, the three foremost advices to counselors who specialize in helping people to cope with the loss of their loved ones, can be formulated as follows: – Counselors should encoura ge their grief-stricken patients to adopt an intellectually honest/stoic stance, when it comes to facing the death of close relatives/friends, on their part.Even though this approach to bereavement-counseling presupposes the possibility for the patients’ sensation of grief to become more acute initially, once they come to rational terms with their loss, the intensity of their suffering will be effectively subdued. For councilors, it is important to be able to treat their patients in the intellectually honest manner – this itself will contribute to the rehabilitation of the latter more than anything else will.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More – Counselors should take into account the particulars of their patients’ ethno-cultural affiliation.What is common about atheistic and religious views on bereavement, is that both of them imply that, in order for grief-stricken individuals to be able to recover, they should be willing to apply a mental effort into ‘letting go’ their loved ones, in the emotional sense of this word. Yet; whereas, highly secularized Whites (even those who consider themselves formally religious) would benefit more from counselors rationalizing the earlier mentioned idea, the traditionally minded representatives of racial minorities should be encouraged to contemplate on ‘letting go’, within the theological framework of what happened to be their religion. – Counselors should strive to encourage grief-stricken patients not to reflect upon the death of their close friends/relatives too much.This is because, while remaining mentally focused on the death of thei r loved ones, bereaving individuals do not only continue to experience the acute sensation of grief, but they also grow ever more emotionally unstable, due to the fact that their mental fixation on death, increase the intensity of their own subliminal death-anxieties. The earlier articulated advices also imply what counselors should not do, while trying to help people to cope with the loss of their loved ones – encouraging grief-stricken individuals to cherish the memories of the dead. This is because, while remaining ‘in touch’ with their deceased relatives/friends, people cannot help but to remain preoccupied with the unconscious thoughts of death, which can hardly have any therapeutic effect on the emotional well-being of the latter. References Benokraitis, N. (1996). Marriages and families: Changes, choices, and  constraints. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Blaik-Hourani, R. (2011). Constructivism and revitalizing social studies. History  Teacher, 44 (2), 227-249. Razinsky, L. (2010). Driving death away: Death and Freud’s theory of the death drive. Psychoanalytic Review, 97 (3), 393-424. Tschannen, O. (1991). The secularization paradigm: A systematization. Journal  for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30 (4), 395-415. Walter, T. (1996). A new model of grief: Bereavement and biography. Mortality, 1 (1), 7-25. White, M. (1988). Saying hullo again. Dulwich Centre Newsletter, 2, 7-11. This essay on Loss of the Loved Ones. Counselors Approaches was written and submitted by user Camdyn U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.